Medicaid Expansion Does Not Discourage Job-Seeking Among the Unemployed

Although some worry that Medicaid expansion could discourage unemployed workers from seeking employment, a University of Michigan study found that Medicaid expansion did not affect whether unemployed workers found jobs.

In fact, the study found that not only did the expansion increase insurance coverage, unemployed workers were less likely to drop out of the labor force in states that expanded Medicaid—that is, they were more likely to keep looking for work—than in states that did not accept the expansion.

U-M economist Helen Levy and co-authors Thomas Buchmueller of the U-M Ross School of Business and Robert Valletta of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco compared those who were unemployed in states that did accept Medicaid expansion under the Affordable Care Act to those in states that did not accept the Medicaid expansion. Before the Affordable Care Act, trends in health insurance, health care access and unemployment exits were similar between the two groups of states.

The researchers found that after Medicaid expansion, insurance coverage increased in both groups of states, but the change was twice as large for unemployed workers in expansion states compared to those in non-expansion states. In expansion states, the fraction of unemployed workers who were uninsured was cut in half. The unemployed also had improved access to health care in expansion states.

States with Traditionally Expanded Medicaid: Arizona, Alaska, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Hawaii, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Rhode Island, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, Washington DC, and West Virginia. *Nebraska passed a ballot initiative expanding Medicaid, but it has not yet taken effect.
States with Approved Work Requirement Waivers: Michigan, Ohio, South Carolina, Utah, and Wisconsin
Not Yet Expanded Medicaid: Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kansas, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Wisconsin, and Wyoming

Levy and colleagues also studied whether Medicaid expansion would encourage people to drop out of the labor force.

“What we document in our analysis is that unemployed people are not less likely to find a job because of Medicaid expansion. There was no job-discouraging effect,” said Levy, a research professor at U-M’s Institute for Social Research. “In fact, we found a slight reduction for some subgroups of unemployed people in the rate at which they give up looking for a job and exit the labor force entirely.”

As far as why this benefit didn’t make people less likely to work, Levy observed that unemployed households likely have other pressing material needs that aren’t met by having Medicaid—needs like paying rent and buying food—so they need to keep looking for work.

“There’s little scope for Medicaid expansion to ease household budgets for an unemployed family member to reduce job search intensity or decline job offers as a result,” the study authors write.

Medicaid expansion also improved access to care among the unemployed, reducing the likelihood that they said they had gone without needed care in the past 12 months.

In an earlier study, Levy found Medicaid expansion also means an economic benefit to the state of Michigan, a finding that may translate to other expansion states. That study, conducted with John Ayanian, lead author and director of the U-M Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, and U-M economists Gabriel Ehrlich and Donald Grimes, found that Michigan’s expansion generated 30,000 new jobs every year, which yielded about $2.3 billion more in personal spending power each year for Michigan residents.

In that study, researchers found that the economic impact of expansion meant that the state finished with $432 million more than its share of the program’s cost in 2017, because of new tax revenue and avoided spending. In 2021, the state will end up with $162 million more than its share of the cost. Levy and co-authors recently published an update to the study diving into its methodologies in the Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law.

For the current study, the researchers used data from the American Community Survey, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey and Current Population Survey. Their study was released as a working paper through the National Bureau of Economic Research.

Levy holds appointments as research professor at the Survey Research Center of the Institute for Social Research, the School of Public Health and the Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy. Both Levy and Buchmueller are members of the U-M Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation. The current study was not part of the official evaluation of Michigan’s Medicaid expansion program that is being conducted by an IHPI team, of which Levy and Buchmueller are part.

Media contact: Morgan Sherburne, [email protected]